Checks and Balances Essay - 636 Words

Ben Favorite POL 101 American Government J. M. Pullen 3/15/12 Checks and Balances In late 2011 President Obama sent troops to Libya to aid in the search for Col. Muammar el-Qaddafi, and he did so without congressional approval. Under the War Powers Resolution the President has 60 days (in some cases 90 days) to acquire permission from congress for the mission to continue. However when Mr. Obama passed the 60 day deadline without congressional approval, the question was posed, â€Å"Does President Obama have the authority to bypass the War Powers Resolution and have the troop remain in Libya?† the short answer is no he does not. I do believe President Obama was in fact overstepping his bounds for several reasons, first I believe in the†¦show more content†¦Therefore the very act of being in Libya with the allied forces, whether we were staring down the sights of an M4 at them or firing rockets from drones, we were in opposition to the Libyan military, and thus involved in hostilities. The Obama administration’s argument th at our level of involvement did not qualify as the hostilities referred to in the War Powers resolution is not valid. Based on the definition of hostilities, we were definitely within the parameters of the War Powers Resolution. That makes Presidents Obama’s decision to ignore the 60 day limit a huge violation of the War Powers Act. Finally, on several instances the Obama administration ensured congress that the U.S was stepping down as the leader of the coalition forces and that we would be playing a much smaller role in the operation. While we did step down from the leadership, the U.S. continued to deploy the most supplies and weapons, particularly predator missiles, and large numbers of remote controlled drones. While trying to convince congress that we were stepping down to a non- hostile role we were still being as hostile as we could be, apart from kicking down Qaddafi’s door ourselves. I’m sure misleading congress to bypass a law is definitely oversteppi ng the bounds of the President’s authority. In conclusion I believe President Obama has clearly overstepped his bounds and authority in this situation. Not only by ignoring the mandated deadlines setShow MoreRelatedChecks and Balances678 Words   |  3 PagesCivilization. Checks and balances The Constitution separates the power of government into three branches: the legislative power is vested in the Congress, the executive power rests with the President and his bureaucracy and the judicial power is granted to the Supreme Court and other federal courts. Whereas each branch of government has separate and particular powers as listed in the Constitution, each branch is also given the power, duty and ability to control and balance the other(s) in a systemRead MoreChecks and Balances1128 Words   |  5 Pages Checks and Balances. Checks and balances is a system that is a part of out U.S. Constitution. 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The designed system of Checks and Balances is very open yet complex. For example, if the President executive is not fulfilling his responsibilities as a leader or behaving inappropriately, the LegislativeRead MoreChecks And Balances Essay1036 Words   |  5 PagesCreating checks and balances in the United States (US) Government was a goal achieved by dividing power into three governmental branches; legislative branch (Congress), executive branch (Presidency), and a judiciary branch. The power flows from the Judicial Branch to both Congress and Presidency and back again from both branches. The power also flows back and forth between Congress and the Presidency. According to Founder James Madison, they h ad to â€Å"enable the government to control the governed,Read MoreSystem Of Checks And Balances1114 Words   |  5 Pagesby one branch that could ultimately lead to an authoritarian regime. In order to do this, the drafters of the Constitution implemented a system of checks and balances in nearly all aspects of the new republics government. One of these checks and balances was the distribution of foreign policy power between Congress and the President. This balance of power would be an important deterrent to one branch of the government abusing its power which could result in catastrophic decisions such as draggingRead MoreChecks and Balances Essay956 Words   |  4 PagesChecks and Balances The doctrine of separation of powers developed over many centuries. This practice doctrine can be traced to the British Parliaments gradual assertion of power and resistance to royal decrees during the 14th century. Political theorist, John Locke wrote about the concept of separation of powers in his Second Treatise of Government (1690). In the United States, the separation of powers is a fundamental constitutional principle. The framers of this Constitution saw theRead MoreSeparation of Powers and Checks and Balances654 Words   |  3 PagesThere are both similarities and differences, when referring to checks and balances and separation of powers. Both have to do with the Government. But separation of powers is a model of government in which different parts of the government are in charge of different tasks; in the United States, these parts are known as the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial. Checks and balances is a means of trying to ensure that these three parts of gover nment stay equal, and that one does not try to take over

How Technology Can Interfere With A Human s Health And...

â€Å"Like a hummingbird in an endless meadow of flowers† (Gregory M. Lamb), this is describing a mind being engaged in the internet. With the technology world advancing constantly, one thing is on society’s mind; â€Å"Am I up to date with my device?† Once they realize they may be out of touch of what’s going on, they start to spend their money on what they don’t need. There comes a point when technology gets extravagant and becomes a negative force when it impacts human development. A tremendous amount of technology can interfere with a human’s health and development. For example, â€Å"There’s no question that we feel the internet has made us better researchers, better thinkers, better writers.† (iPads) This means that technology has made society enhance on basic skills that apply to life. This occurs when students are at school or when adults have a job. The significance of this situation is that technology can be valuable a nd is a resource that people can utilize, making brains develop in a different way. However, there are negative affects about technology like, rewiring the brain that creates health issues. For example, in Fahrenheit 451 when Montag attempts to talk to Mildred, â€Å"His wife in the TV parlor paused long enough from reading her script to look up...† (17) The fact that Mildred didn’t remember anything after she overdosed and had to have her stomach pumped is an obvious problem. She thinks that she was just drinking too much, but it’s because in the society of FahrenheitShow MoreRelatedIs Entertainment Technology Beneficial?902 Words   |  4 PagesIs entertainment technology beneficial to infants from birth to the age of two? Entertainment technology is the discipline of using manufactured or created components to enhance or make possible in any sort of entertainment experience(dictionary.com). 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Without them nurses, doctors, therapists, dieticians, nutritionists, to name a few, would be without a job. An organization needs to do everything possible to keep patients safe and reduce error. For example, if a patient goes to a hospital to get treatment and the staff

Movie Summary Dr. Strangelove Essay Example For Students

Movie Summary Dr. Strangelove Essay The movie Dr. Strangelove is a satirical comedy, produced by Stanley Kubrick, made to make fun of the Cold War and how we were almost on the brink of destruction with the nuclear arms race. The movie portrays how gender roles are portrayed, stereotypical views of the time, and how deterrence would not work in a real life situation. Stereotypical views are made at Russians and how they act while the gender roles are portrayed more subtly by various characters and actions shown throughout the movie and the link between the movie and what was actually happening during the cold war. In the movie Dr. Strangelove the Russians in the film, Dimitri Kissov the Soviet Premier and Alexi de Sadesky the Soviet Ambassador, are portrayed as drunk communist spies trying to bring the destruction of the Americans. The Dunk notion comes to mind when Ambassador Alexi de Sadesky told President Merkin Muffley that the Soviet Premier is a person who likes to party as shown when the president initially starts the conversation he claims to have heard music laying in the background which shows that the premier was having a party in his office. The second way that Russians are portrayed as is communist spies. This was shown when General Buck Turgidson pulled a device used to take pictures of â€Å"the big board† in the war room. This was also shown later as the ambassador pulled another camera to take pictures successfully. The last way the Russians are stereotyped as people who love sex. This was shown as Ambassador Alexi de Sadesky said, â€Å"I must confess, you have an astonishingly good idea there, Doctor. † to Dr. Strangelove’s ratio of 10:1 female to male if they were to live underground. The gender role of men and women are shown as men being the strong ones while the women are treated as objects for procreation. Women are treated as objects of procreation when the scene of General Buck Turgidson about to have sex with Miss Scott before he had to go to the war room. The second scene where women are objectified as objects of sex is in the B-52 airplane as Major â€Å"King† Kong was reading a playboy magazine labeled â€Å"Foreign Affairs† over a woman’s butt. The last case where women are objectified as objects of sex is when Dr. Strangelove suggests that the mine shaft, filled with cobalt Thorium G, fit for a few thousand should be filled with a 10:1 ratio of women to men to â€Å"ensure the population† after the detonation of the Russians’ Doomsday Device. Dr. Strangelove was filmed shortly after the Cuban Missile Crisis where America and Russia was close to a nuclear war. In the early 1960s, America started to obtain enough long range nuclear delivery devices to a huge advantage over Russia and by 1962, America had a 4:1 ratio advantage over the Russians in nuclear missiles. Nikita Khrushchev, the Russian Dictator, thought that President Kennedy was a weak leader that would not respond to the secret placement of missiles in Cuba that could reach most of the U. S.. Khrushchev wanted to humiliate America and address some of the problems in nuclear weapons without needing to build a large number of delivery devices. The U. S. discovered this plot, and soon after a suspenseful thirteen days, where the entire country seemed to hold its breath, made the Russians to agree to remove the missiles and take them back to Russia while the U. S. promised to take the missiles they owned out of Turkey. Even though the movie Dr. Strangelove was used to make fun of a scare in the 1960’s there is evidence of the stereotypical view of the Russians and how they are drunk communist spies, gender roles of men and women, men being all powerful while women are treated as sex objects shown by Major â€Å"King† Kong and General Buck Turgidson, and how the film related to several events such as the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962 and what could have led to the assassination of President John F. Kennedy as he was insulted by Nikita Khrushchev regarding the Cuban Missile Crisis and the nuclear arms race Russia and the United States were in.

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Essay Example

Roller Coasters and Their Theory Paper 2010 NAME: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE INSTRUCTOR: MR. RISHI RAMPERSAD COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE COURSE: ENGINEERING SCIENCE CLASS: COMPUTER ENGINEERING (YEAR 1) INSTRUCTOR: RISHI RAMPERSAD GROUP MEMBERS: CAROLENA SEEREERAM DINESH TEELUCKSINGH DEVIANN SINGH VINCENT BAHADUR KERLON MOORE ABSTRACT A roller coaster is an amusement park ride where passengers sit in a series of wheeled cars that are linked together. The cars move along a pair of rails supported by a wood or steel structure. In operation, the cars are carried up a steep incline by a linked chain. When the cars reach the top of the incline, they roll free of the chain and are propelled downward due to gravity through a series of drops, rises, and turns. Finally the cars are braked to a stop at the starting point, where the passengers get out and new passengers get on. Roller coasters are considered by many to be the most exciting ride in any amusement park. TABLE OF CONTENTS Task Pages Abstract 3 Introduction 5 Objectives Methodology6 Background Information Design of a Roller Coaster 7-13 * Working of a Roller Coaster 14-15 * Energy Transformations 16 Methodology 17 Main Body 18 * Brief History of Roller a Coaster * Types of Roller Coasters Reference and Appendix 19 INTRODUCTION This project is based on the operations and the energy conversions of a roller coaster and it is designed to make an understanding of how a roller coaster works. A roller coaster ride is a thrilling experience which involves a we alth of physics. Part of the physics of a roller coaster is the physics of work and energy. We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Roller Coasters and Their Theory specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The ride often begins as a chain and motor, or other mechanical device which exerts a force on the train of cars to lift the train to the top of track. Once the cars are lifted to the top of the track, gravity takes over and the remainder of the ride is an experience in energy transformation. OBJECTIVES The objectives of this project include: 1) Describing the equipment design and operation of Roller Coasters. 2) Investigating the sources of energy and stating whether the energy is harnessed naturally or if it is renewable. 3) Energy conversion and the losses incurred during the conversion process. ) Identifying the environmental impacts of using such energy. Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Design of a Roller Coaster The design of a roller coaster ride is the first and most important part of the manufacturing process. Because each roller coaster is unique, every detail must be designed literally from the ground up. In order to design a roller coaster, designers must consider what kind of riders will use the coaster. If the coaster is designed for small children, the hills and curves will be gentle, and the cars speed will be relatively slow. Families usually want a somewhat faster ride with plenty of turns and moderate forces. Ultimate thrill seekers want extreme heights and speeds. Next, the designers must consider the space available for the coaster, because roller coasters not only take a lot of ground space, but also a lot of air space. Designers look at the general terrain, other surrounding rides, power lines, access roads, lakes, trees, and other obstacles. Some amusement parks have added so many rides that a new roller coaster has to be designed to thread its way through existing rides and walkways. The next objective for the designers is to achieve a unique feel for the coaster. Designers can draw on a number of techniques to provide a memorable ride. The initial incline can be made steeper or the speed of the lift chain can be made slower to heighten the apprehension of the passengers. Once up the incline, the first drop is usually designed to be the steepest, and therefore the fastest and scariest. Other drops can be designed with a brief flattened section in the middle, and are called double dips. Drops with very abrupt transitions to a flat or upturned section are called slammers because they slam the passengers down into their seats. Letting the cars run close to the ground, in what is called a gully coaster, gives the illusion of increased speed. The advent of steel construction for coasters has allowed a number of variations on the basic roller coaster ride. In some modern coasters, the passengers sit suspended below the tracks rather than riding on top of them. In others, the passengers ride standing up rather than sitting down. Most of the actual design and layout of a roller coaster is done on a computer. The height of the first incline must be calculated to give the cars enough energy to propel them all the way through the ride and back to the station. The horizontal and vertical forces that the loaded cars exert on the track must be calculated at every point to ensure that the support structure is adequate. Because each coaster usually incorporates one or more new and untried features, a working prototype of the new features may be built for testing and evaluation. The prototype is erected at the manufacturers facility, and weighted test cars outfitted with instrumentation are propelled through the test section at the desired speed. Based on these tests, the designers may alter their original design before building the final product. When the calculations, design, and testing are complete, a computer-aided drafting (CAD) program is used to prepare detailed drawings for each of the thousands of parts that will be used to build the new coaster. The Manufacturing Process of a Roller Coaster The actual physical construction of a roller coaster may take place in a factory or on the amusement park site depending on the type and size of the coaster. Most steel coasters are built in sections in a factory, then trucked to the site and erected. Most wooden coasters are built piece-by-piece on the site. Here is the typical sequence of operations for manufacturing both modern steel coasters and classic wooden coasters: Preparing the Site: 1) Before the roller coaster can be installed, the area where it is to be located needs to be cleared and prepared. 2)   If there are existing structures, vegetation, or utilities that need to be moved or demolished, this work is done first. If any of the surrounding terrain needs to be filled or excavated, that work is also done at this time. 3) Holes for the support structure foundations are surveyed and drilled or dug. Sturdy wooden forms are then constructed to hold the concrete for each foundation point. In some areas where the soil is very sandy, large wooden piles may be driven into the ground as foundations rather than using poured concrete. If concrete is used, it is brought to the site in mixer trucks and pumped into place by a concrete pump with a long, articulating arm that can reach each foundation form. Connector plates are imbedded into the concrete on top of each foundation to allow attachment of the supports. Erecting the Main Support Structure: 4) When the foundation is in place, work begins on the main support structure. All the parts for steel coasters are made in a factory and shipped to the job site in sections on trucks. In the factory, the pieces for each support are cut and welded into the required shape using fixtures to hold them in the proper orientation to each other. If a complex three-dimensional bend is required, this may be done in a hydraulic tube bender that is controlled by information from the computer. On wooden coasters, the material for the supports is usually shipped to the site as unfinished lumber and the individual pieces are cut and assembled on site. In either case, the lower portions of the main supports are lifted by a crane and are attached to the connector plates protruding from the foundation points. ) Once the lower supports are in place, they may be temporarily braced while the upper sections are lifted into place and connected. This work continues until the main support structure is complete. Installing the Track: 6) With the main support structure in place, the track is installed. On steel coasters, sections of track are fabricated in the factory with the stanchions an d tubular tracks welded to the track supports. After the sections are brought to the site, they are lifted into place, and the track ends are slid together. The sections are then bolted to the main support structure and to each other. On wooden coasters, wood tie beams are installed across the top of the main support structure along the entire length of the ride. Six to eight layers of flat wood boards are installed lengthways on top of the tie beams in two rows to form a laminated base for the rails. The rails themselves are formed from long, flat strips of steel screwed into the wood base. 7) On steel coasters, walkways and handrails are welded in place along the outside of the track to allow maintenance access and emergency evacuation of passengers. On wooden coasters, the portions of the tie beams outside of the track are used as walkways, and handrails are installed. ) The lift chain and anti-rollback mechanisms are installed on the lift hill, and the braking device is installed on the final approach to the station. Fabricating the Cars: 9) The individual cars for the coaster are fabricated in the factory. The sub frame pieces are cut and welded. The bodies are stamped from aluminum or molded in fiberglass, t hen fastened to the sub frame. Seat cushions may be cut from foam, mounted on a base, and covered with upholstery. Running wheels and guide wheels are bolted in place with locking fasteners. Brake fins, anti-rollback dogs, and other safety components are installed. Finishing the Ride: 0) When the main construction is completed, electrical wiring is installed for the lighting, and the entire ride may be painted. The boarding station is constructed, signs are installed, and the landscaping is put in place. Working of a Roller Coaster The roller coasters work on the principle of conversion of potential energy into kinetic energy. The cars attached to the roller coaster do not have self-powered motor. Instead they are pulled by one chained with the other to the first peak of the roller coaster track. On reaching the top of the first peak the kinetic energy with which the cars are pulled becomes the potential energy. With that the cars of the roller coaster system not only slide down but also move up the second peak. This process is repeated in the subsequent peaks and finally the cars are brought to a stop with the application of brake run. A well designed roller coaster will have enough energy to complete the entire course of the track and will come to an end on the application of brake run at the end. Modern roller coasters have launch mechanisms, which starts off the ride with a high amount of acceleration by means of one or series of Linear Induction Motors and Linear synchronous Motors, powered by hydraulic or pneumatic force. Roll back occurs when a launched train does not have enough potential energy to ascend the top of the first peak. Under the roll back the train comes back to the original launching place for re-launch. In the case of continuous circuit roller coasters, when the kinetic energy is not enough for the train to complete the travel after descending from its highest peak point , it moves forward and backward along the track until all the kinetic energy is released. After that it comes to a stop. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster A roller coaster ride also illustrates the work and energy relationship. The work done by external forces is capable of changing the total amount of mechanical energy from an initial value to some final value. The amount of work done by the external forces upon the object is equal to the amount of change in the total mechanical energy of the object. The relationship is often stated in the form of the following mathematical equation. KEinitial + PEinitial + Wexternal = KEfinal + PEfinal The left side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEinitial + PEinitial) for the initial state of the object plus the work done on the object by external forces (Wexternal) while the right side of the equation includes the total mechanical energy (KEfinal + PEfinal) for the final state of the object. Once a roller coaster has reached its initial summit and begins its descent through loops, turns and smaller hills, the only forces acting upon the coaster cars are the force of gravity, the normal force and dissipative forces such as air resistance. The force of gravity is an internal force and thus any work done by it does not change the total mechanical energy of the train of cars. The normal force of the track pushing up on the cars is an external force. However, it is at all times directed perpendicular to the motion of the cars and thus is incapable of doing any work upon the train of cars. Finally, the air resistance force is capable of doing work upon the cars and thus draining a small amount of energy from the total mechanical energy which the cars possess. However, due to the complexity of this force and its small contribution to the large quantity of energy possessed by the cars, it is often neglected. By neglecting the influence of air resistance, it can be said that the total mechanical energy of the train of cars is conserved during the ride. That is to say, the total amount of mechanical energy (kinetic plus potential) possessed by the cars is the same throughout the ride. Energy is neither gained nor lost, only transformed from kinetic energy to potential energy and vice versa. Energy Transformations in a Roller Coaster Methodology Different data collection methods were used to collect information of the roller coaster. The most used was the use of the internet. A lot of the information was gathered from different sites and was restructured in one’s own words. Also watching videos from the internet (YouTube) was widely used in gathering of the information. Another method was through reading of text books and encyclopedia based on the roller coaster and once again the information was put together in one’s own words. The following steps were taken when researching the topic. First planning was done on how to do the research and who had to do what in the research. Different members had to do different types of research. Some did through the internet and some researched by reading of text books and encyclopedia. The data was then analyze, then the study of the design of the structure of the roller coaster. Implementation of the information and restructure of the information was then carried out by all members of the group. Main Body Brief History of a Roller Coaster: A roller coaster train going downhill represents merely a complex case as a body is descending an inclined plane. Newtons first two laws relate force and acceleration, which are key concepts in roller coaster physics. At amusement parks, Newtons laws can be applied to every ride. These rides range from The Swings to The Hammer. Newton was also one of the developers of calculus which is essential to analyzing falling bodies constrained on more complex paths than inclined planes. A roller coaster ride is in a gravitational field except with the Principle of Equivalence. An important thing to consider is that the carts on a conventional modern day roller coaster are not self-powered. The movement is generated exclusively by gravitational, inertial and centripetal forces. Although the tracks are getting more and more complex and the speed is ever increasing, the basic principles of physics at work are simple and can be easily understood. Still, the actual task of designing a roller coaster itself is by no means simple, which is reflected by the many obstacles that need to be overcome before a coaster becomes operational. Given this contrasting perspective, this paper is going to take a look at these underlying physics principles as well as some engineering methods that are involved. Energy is essentially applied to the carts only as they are pulled up the first hill. This hill is often called the lift hill. Once the coaster reaches the top, the forces applied to it for the remainder of the ride are mainly gravitational and inertial. Therefore, in essence, the fundamental principle behind the coaster’s operation is the ‘conservation of energy,’ which simply states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed. The total energy which is consisted of ‘potential’ and ‘kinetic’ parts, is therefore constant. As the coaster moves up the lift hill, the total energy exerted on the carts is stored in the system as potential energy. This happens since as the height increases, there is a greater chance for the gravity to act on the cart to pull it down. However, it is not desirable to have the carts fall vertically to the ground, and so a good way to think about what is happening here is that the tracks are designed to manipulate this fall. The second physical principle relevant here is Newton’s first law: This states that an object stays in motion (or conversely stays still) if no external forces are applied. The tendency of objects to do this is referred to as ‘inertia’. Based on this principle, as the cart reaches the second hill (after the lift hill), it continues to rise converting kinetic energy to potential energy. However, some of the energy will be lost due to friction which exists between the tracks and the cart wheels as well as that created by carts moving through the air. Therefore, a few extra hills (which are shorter than the lift hill) are put along the path to ‘recharge’ the cart giving it more potential energy to convert back to kinetic energy. The racks are designed in such a way that at the end of the ride, all potential energy is converted to kinetic energy so there is little need for brakes and the carts essentially stop on their own. Components The worlds tallest and fastest roller coaster, the Kingda Ka at Six Flags Great Adventure in New Jersey. At first glance, a roller coaster is something like a passenger train. It consists of a series of connected cars that move on tracks. But unlike a passenger train, a roller coaster has no engine  or power source of its own. For most of the ride, the train is moved by  gravity  and momentum. To build up this momentum, you need to get the train to the top of the first hill (the lift hill) or give it a powerful launch. Chain Lift The traditional lifting mechanism is a long length of chain (or chains) running up the hill under the track. The chain is fastened in a loop, which is wound around a gear at the top of the hill and another one at the bottom of the hill. The gear at the bottom of the hill is turned by a simple  motor. This turns the chain loop so that it continually moves up the hill like a long conveyer belt. The coaster cars grip onto the chain with several  chain dogs, sturdy hinged hooks. When the train rolls to the bottom of the hill, the dogs catches onto the chain links. Once the chain dog is hooked, the chain simply pulls the train to the top of the hill. At the summit, the chain dog is released and the train starts its descent down the hill. Catapult-launch In some newer coaster designs, a catapult launch sets the train in motion. There are several sorts of catapult launches, but they all basically do the same thing. Instead of dragging the train up a hill to build up potential energy, these systems start the train off by building up a good amount of kinetic energy in a short amount of time. One popular catapult system is the linear-induction motor. A linear-induction motor uses  electromagnets  to build two magnetic fields one on the track and one on the bottom of the train that are attracted to each other. The motor moves the magnetic field on the track, pulling the train along behind it at a high rate of speed. The main advantages of this system are its speed, efficiency, durability, precision and controllability. Another popular system uses dozens of rotating wheels to launch the train up the lift hill. The wheels are arranged in two adjacent rows along the track. The wheels grip the bottom (or top) of the train between them, pushing the train forward. The Breaks Like any train, a roller coaster needs a  brake  system so it can stop precisely at the end of the ride or in an emergency. In roller coasters, the brakes arent built into the train itself; theyre built into the track. This system is very simple. A series of clamps is positioned at the end of the track and at a few other braking points. A central computer operates a  hydraulic system  that closes these clamps when the train needs to stop. The clamps close in on vertical metal fins running under the train, and this friction gradually slows the train down. Types of Roller Coasters: There are many different designs for Roller Coasters but the following are the most popular: * Wooden Roller Coaster * Steel Roller Coaster Wooden Roller Coaster – Wooden coasters use massive wooden trestle-style structures to support the track above the ground. Steel plates are used to reinforce critical joints. Steel Roller Coaster – These may use thin, trestle-style structures to support the track, or they may use thick tubular supports. The track is usually formed in sections from a pair of welded round steel tubes held in position by steel stanchions attached to rectangular box girder or thick round tubular track supports. All exposed steel surfaces are painted. Reference and Appendix http://cec. chebucto. org/Co-Phys. html http://library. thinkquest. org/2745/data/ke. htm http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Centripetal_force http://www. teachersdomain. org/resource/hew06. sci. phys. maf. rollercoaster http://www. thehumorwriter. com/Kids_Corner_Original_Storie/Roller_Coasters/roller_coasters www. google. tt http://www. buzzle. com/articles/physics-of-roller-coasters. html